M
TFT-LCD DC-DC Converters with
Operational Amplifiers
22
______________________________________________________________________________________
Adjust the gate-off linear-regulator REG N output volt-
age by connecting a resistive voltage-divider from
V
GOFF
to REF with the center tap connected to FBN
(Figure 1). Select R8 in the range of 20k
to 50k
.
Calculate R7 with the following equation:
where V
FBN
= 250mV, V
REF
= 1.25V. Note that REF can
only source up to 50μA; using a resistor less than 20k
for R8 results in higher bias current than REF can supply.
Pass-Transistor Selection
The pass transistor must meet specifications for current
gain (h
FE
), input capacitance, collector-emitter saturation
voltage and power dissipation. The transistor’s current
gain limits the guaranteed maximum output current to:
where I
DRV
is the minimum guaranteed base-drive cur-
rent, V
BE
is the transistor’s base-to-emitter forward volt-
age drop, and R
BE
is the pullup resistor connected
between the transistor’s base and emitter. Furthermore,
the transistor’s current gain increases the linear regula-
tor’s DC loop gain (see the
Stability Requirements
sec-
tion), so excessive gain destabilizes the output.
Therefore, transistors with current gain over 100 at the
maximum output current can be difficult to stabilize and
are not recommended unless the high gain is needed to
meet the load-current requirements.
The transistor’s saturation voltage at the maximum out-
put current determines the minimum input-to-output
voltage differential that the linear regulator can support.
Also, the package’s power dissipation limits the usable
maximum input-to-output voltage differential. The maxi-
mum power-dissipation capability of the transistor’s
package and mounting must exceed the actual power
dissipated in the device. The power dissipated equals
the maximum load current (I
LOAD(MAX)_LR
) multiplied
by the maximum input-to-output voltage differential:
where V
IN(MAX)_LR
is the maximum input voltage of the
linear regulator, and V
OUT
_
LR
is the output voltage of
the linear regulator.
Stability Requirements
The MAX1516/MAX1517/MAX1518 linear-regulator con-
trollers use an internal transconductance amplifier to
drive an external pass transistor. The transconductance
amplifier, the pass transistor, the base-emitter resistor,
and the output capacitor determine the loop stability.
The following applies to both linear-regulator controllers
in the MAX1516/MAX1517/MAX1518.
P I
V
V
LOAD MAX
LR
IN MAX
(
LR
OUT LR
×
(
)_
)_
_
(
)
I
I
V
R
h
LOAD MAX
DRV
BE
BE
FE MIN
(
(
)
)
=
×
R
R
V
V
V
V
FBN
REF
GOFF
FBN
7
8
=
×
POSITIVE CHARGE-PUMP
OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. V
MAIN
V
MAIN
(V)
G
12
10
8
6
4
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
2
14
2-STAGE CHARGE PUMP
3-STAGE CHARGE PUMP
V
D
= 0.3V TO 1V
1-STAGE CHARGE PUMP
Figure 9. Positive Charge-Pump Output Voltage vs. V
MAIN
NEGATIVE CHARGE-PUMP
OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. V
MAIN
V
MAIN
(V)
G
12
10
8
6
4
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
-0
-45
2
14
1-STAGE
CHARGE PUMP
2-STAGE
CHARGE PUMP
3-STAGE
CHARGE PUMP
V
D
= 0.3V TO 1V
Figure 10. Negative Charge-Pump Output Voltage vs. V
MAIN